Stanford Neuroscience Ph. D Program Faculty Interests: Molecular. Our Training Faculty are 1. They have international reputations for excellence in both research and teaching, and are actively involved in training of Program students through direct mentorship, thesis committee participation, instruction of program courses, and/or participation in program leadership. Program Instructors have research programs that benefit program students in terms of informal research guidance or collaborations, but are currently not actively involved in Program Ph. D training. Faculty Research Interests: Molecular Detailed listing. The major research interests of faculty in the Program can be divided into seven research areas/approaches with considerable overlap. Every fundamental area of neuroscience is represented in our faculty. The complementary nature of their expertise and interests creates an unusually rich intellectual community. PhD Program Training Faculty. PhD Professor, Biology [email protected]. Search by Program Name. Stanford Teaching Education Program (STEP). Cancer Biology Molecular and Cellular Physiology. The Biosciences program at Stanford encourages students to explore research. Cell and Molecular Biology, Biology, or Chemistry: Biology: GRE Subject Test not required: Biomedical Informatics. The Department of Molecular & Cell Biology at the University of California. Graduate Program; Apply to PhD Program; Faculty List; Make a Gift to MCB; Biology@Berkeley; Other Links. Biosciences Divisional Services; Online. Graduate training is available across the full spectrum of modern biological investigation from molecular biology to ecosystems. Graduate Program Specialist for the Biology Department. Stanford Medical Sites; Ways to Give; Find a Person; Alumni; Lane Library; Ways to Give; Find a. ABOUT PHD PROGRAM CURRICULUM & HANDBOOKS FACULTY & STAFF APPLICATION PROCESS STUDENTS & CAMPUS F.A.Q QUESTIONS? Biomedical Informatics Program Students. Stanford Medical Center; Molecular Pathologist. Current Stanford Affiliation: Biology PhD Program. AdmissionThe Department of Molecular Biology reviews applications each year for students. MD/PhD Program; Graduate. The Department of Molecular Biology reviews applications each year for students. The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Harvard University is. Please visit the MCO website for program. Joyce Liao. Ischemic optic neuropathy, Stem cell transplantation, Vision electroph. CEL, MOL, NBD, SYSMichael Lin. Optogenetics of intracellular signaling pathways. CEL, MOLFrank Longo. Alzheimer's disease, small molecules growth factor ligands. MOL, NBDBingwei Lu. Neural stem cell biology and neurodegeneration. CEL, DEV, MOL, NBDLiqun Luo. Development, organization and function of neuronal circuits. CEL, DEV, MOL, SYSMerritt Maduke. Molecular mechanisms of ion transport; ultrasonic neurostimulation. EXC, MOL, NBDRobert Malenkasynaptic plasticity. CEL, EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSSusan Mc. Connell. Fate determination and migration in mammalian CNSCEL, DEV, MOLMichelle Monje- Deisseroth. Brain development, neural stem cells and pediatric brain tumors. CEL, DEV, MOL, NBDMirna Mustapha. Identify genes involved in regulating hair cell innervation. MOL, NBDKaren Parker. Biology of social functioning in monkeys and people with autism. DEV, MOL, NBD, SYSSergiu Pasca. Developing in vitro human cellular models for neuropsychiatric disease. CEL, DEV, MOL, NBDGiles Plant. Spinal Cord Injury, CNS regeneration, Stem Cells. CEL, MOL, NBDThomas Rando. Molecular mechanisms of stem cell fate determination. CEL, DEV, MOL, NBDJennifer Raymond. Learning & memory; physiology and molecular mechanisms. CMP, MOL, SYSRichard Reimer. Neurotransmitter synthesis and packaging. CEL, MOL, NBDAnthony Ricci. Auditory hair cell mechanotransduction and synaptic transmissio. CEL, CMP, DEV, EXC, MOLRobert Sapolsky. Neuron death, stress, gene therapy. CEL, MOL, NBD, SYSGregory Scherrer. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain and its control by opioids CEL, EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSMatthew Scott. Cerebellum development and cancer, neural control of growth. CEL, DEV, EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSCarla Shatzmolecular mechanisms of experience- dependent circuit formation. CEL, DEV, EXC, MOL, SYSKang Shenmoleular mechanisms of circuit assembly at the level of synapse. CEL, DEV, MOLStephen Smith. Neural Circuit Molecular Architectures. CEL, CMP, DEV, EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSIvan Soltesz Hippocampal interneurons; oscillations; cannabinoids; epilepsy. CEL, CMP, EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSGary Steinberg. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal and global cerebral ischemia. CEL, MOL, SYSThomas Sudhof. Formation, function, and dysfunction of synapses. CEL, DEV, EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSXinnan Wang. Mitochondria in Neuronal Health and Disease. CEL, MOL, NBDMarius Wernig. Reprogramming, induced neuronal (i. N) cells, pluripotent stem cells, di. CEL, DEV, MOL, NBDYanmin Yang. Cytoskeletal function and dysfunction in the nervous system. CEL, DEV, MOL, NBDDavid Yeomans. Pain: differential activation; gene therapy; sodium channels. EXC, MOL, NBD, SYSHeng Zhaostroke, postconditioning, peripheral immune system and brain injury. Molecular Biology (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)The field of molecular biology studies macromolecules and the. Given the fundamental importance of these. Despite its prominence in the contemporary life sciences, molecular. It. should not be surprising, then, that many of the philosophical issues. The rich historiography of molecular. Abir- Am 1. 98. 5, 1. Burian 1. 99. 3a; Canguillhem. Chadarevian 2. 00. Chadarevian and Gaudilliere 1. Chadarevian and Strasser 2. Deichmann 2. 00. 2; Fisher 2. Holmes. 2. 00. 1; Judson 1. Kay 1. 99. 3; Marcum 2. Morange 1. 99. 7a, 1. Olby 1. 97. 9, 1. Powell et al. 2. 00. Rheinberger 1. 99. Sapp 1. 99. 2; Sarkar 1. Stegenga 2. 01. 1; Witkowski 2. Zallen. 1. 99. 6. Also see autobiographical accounts by biologists, such as. Brenner 2. 00. 1; Cohen 1. Crick 1. 98. 8; Echols 2. Jacob 1. 98. 8. Kornberg 1. Luria 1. 98. 4; Watson 1. Wilkins 2. 00. 3). The field of molecular biology arose from the convergence of work. In the early twentieth century. Mendel’s. laws of segregation and independent assortment, the actual mechanisms. Thomas. Hunt Morgan and his colleagues utilized the fruit fly, Drosophila. Morgan. 1. 92. 6; discussed in Darden 1. Darden and Maull 1. Kohler 1. 99. 4. Roll- Hanson 1. Wimsatt 1. 99. 2). A former student of Morgan’s. Hermann J. Muller, recognized the “gene as a basis of. Muller. 1. 92. 6). But despite the power of mutagenesis. Muller recognized that, as a geneticist, he was limited in the extent. He concluded a 1. The geneticist himself is helpless to analyse. Here the physicist, as well as the chemist. Who will volunteer to do so? The next decade saw. Keller 1. 99. 0; Kendrew 1. In What is Life, the. Erwin Schroedinger (1. Elitzur 1. 99. 5; Moore 1. Olby 1. 99. 4; Sarkar 1. Kay 2. 00. 0). Max Delbrueck also became interested. Niels Bohr (1. 93. Mc. Kaughan. 2. 00. Roll- Hansen 2. 00. In contrast to Schroedinger, Bohr (and. Delbrueck) did not seek to reduce biology to physics. Delbrueck 1. 94. 9). To investigate the self- reproductive. Delbrueck used bacteriophage, viruses that. The establishment of. The Phage Group” in the early 1. Delbrueck and. another physicist- turned- biologist Salvador Luria marked a critical. Brock 1. 99. 0; Cairns et. Fischer and Lipson 1. Fleming 1. 96. 8; Lewontin 1. Luria. 1. 98. 4; Morange 1. Ch. X- ray crystallography allowed molecular. Celebrating Crystallography in. Other Internet Resources). Muller. (1. 92. 7) used x- rays to intervene on and alter gene function, thus. Elof Carlson on Muller’s Research. Other Internet Resources). Recognizing quite early the importance of these new physical and. Warren Weaver, then the. Natural Sciences section of the Rockefeller. Foundation, introduced the term “molecular biology” in a. Foundation. Weaver wrote, And gradually there is coming into being a new branch. Muller’s shift. from Mendelian genetics to the study of gene structure raises the. Watson and Crick’s. Watson, a student of Luria and the phage group. DNA; Crick, a physicist enticed by. Schroedinger’s What is Life? At Cambridge University, Watson and Crick found that. DNA. Watson and Crick collaborated to build a model of the double. DNA, with its two helical strands held together. Olby 1. 99. 4). They made extensive use of. DNA by Maurice Wilkins and. Rosalind Franklin at King’s College, London (Maddox 2. Crick’s theoretical work on crystallography (Crick 1. Pauling (de Chadarevian. Judson 1. 99. 6; Olby 1. With the structure of DNA in hand, molecular biology shifted its. This subsequent research. According to Lily Kay,Up until around 1. Watson and Crick's second paper of 1. Watson and Crick 1. DNA. used both “code” and “information”. Crick characterized the central. This states that once “information” has. In more detail. the transfer of information from nucleic acid to nucleic acid, or from. Information. means here the precise determination of sequence, either of bases in. The genetic code refers to the relation between three. DNA, called a “codon”, and one amino acid. Tables. available in molecular biology textbooks (e. Watson et al. 1. 98. Only a few exceptions for these. Alberts et al. In contrast. DNA, which (in the simplest case) are transcribed to messenger RNA. With the genetic code elucidated and the relationship between genes. The machinery of protein synthesis. However, such. “colinear” simplicity did not persist. In the late 1. 97. DNA sequence. and its protein product. Overlapping genes were discovered (Barrell et. DNA. sequence. In contrast to the colinearity hypothesis that a continuous. DNA were often split between coding regions. Moreover, the exons might be. DNA”. The distinction between exons and introns became even more. Berk and Sharp 1. A series of exons. Discoveries such as overlapping genes. Molecular biologists sought to. Section 2. 1), drawing the attention of. Also, conceptualizing DNA as. Section 2. 2) was a move that philosophers have. Finally, the concept of the gene (see. Section 2. 3) itself has intrigued philosophers. In a 1. 96. 3 letter to Max Perutz, molecular biologist Sydney Brenner. It is now widely realized that nearly all the. Because of this. I have long felt that the future of molecular biology lies in the. Francois. Jacob, Jacques Monod and their colleagues used the. Escherichia coli to investigate how environmental. Jacob and Monod. 1. Craver and Darden 2. Morange 1. 99. 8: Ch. Schaffner 1. 97. 4a; Weber 2. The study of behavior and the nervous. Returning to the fruit flies used in Mendelian. Seymour Benzer induced behavioral mutations. Drosophila as a “genetic scalpel” to. Benzer 1. 96. 8; Weiner. And at Cambridge, Sydney Brenner developed the nematode. Caenorhabditis elegans, to study the nervous system, as. Brenner 1. 97. 3, 2. Ankeny 2. 00. 0. Brown 2. In subsequent decades, the study of cells was transformed. Alberts et al. Molecular evolution. DNA sequences. and whole genomes; molecular systematics sought to research the. Dietrich 1. 99. 8). The immunological relationship between. Podolsky and Tauber 1. Schaffner 1. 99. 3; see also the entry on the. The molecularization of many fields. Inferences. made about research on model organisms such as worms and flies raised. Section. 3. 3). And the reductive techniques of molecular biology raised. Section. 3. 1). In the 1. The genome is a. collection of nucleic acid base pairs within an organism’s cells. A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) with guanine. G)). The number of base pairs varies widely among species. For. example, the infection- causing Haemophilus influenzae (the. Fleischmann et al. Homo sapiens carries more than 3 billion base. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Venter et al. The history of genomics is the history of. Ankeny. 2. 00. 3; Stevens 2. Frederick Sanger played a seminal role in initiating such. DNA sequencing techniques in the. Saiki et al. 1. 98. Sanger 1. 98. 8; Judson 1. Culp 1. 99. 5; Rabinow 1. Morange 1. 99. 8; de. Chadarevian 2. 00. Little 2. 00. 3; Garcia- Sancho 2. Sanger Method of. DNA Sequencing in. Other Internet Resources). Equally important. Edwin Southern’s. DNA in DNA. samples (Southern 1. The Southern Blot, as it came to be known. DNA into many small DNA fragments. DNA fragments on to a new medium, and then. DNA probes; the probes then allow for. DNA fragments (see also The. Southern Blot in Other Internet Resources). Playing. off the “southern” homonym, subsequent blotting techniques. RNA and proteins came to be called Northern blotting and. Western blotting. In the mid 1. 98. United States Department of Energy (Do. E) originated a project to. Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings). The resulting Human Genome Project. HGP) managed jointly by the Do. E and the United States National. Institutes of Health (NIH), utilized both existent sequencing. Kevles and Hood 1. Waterson et al. 2. Zhang et al. One of. DNA that code. for a protein product) found in the genomes. So in contrast to early. The increased attention to sequencing genomes encouraged a number. Plomin et al. 2. 00. Srinivasan and. Sommer 2. Taniguchi et al. 2. Ohta and Kuroiwa 2. What’s more, genomics has been. Cantor and Smith 1. Genomics and Genome Research. And the human. genome project itself has turned its attention from a standardized. Human. Genome Diversity Initiative (Gannett 2. But just as a number of disciplines “went molecular”. A related challenge was making sense of the. For example, how to interpret the finding. Does this finding tell. Piotrowska 2. 00. To help answer such questions, genomics is now. There is ongoing debate about what. Morange 2. 00. 6), but the general. As, Cs, Ts, and Gs and. Developments in genomics and post- genomics have sparked a number of. Since the genome. DNA really be causally prioritized (see. Section 2. 3)? Hence, major tasks for philosophers of molecular. Molecular biologists discover and explain by identifying and. DNA replication, protein synthesis. The phrase “theory. Discovering the mechanism that produces a phenomenon is an. First, knowledge of a. Second, knowing how a mechanism works allows. For. example, knowing how the mechanism of DNA base pairing works in one. Third, knowledge of. In short, knowledge. Given the general importance of mechanisms and the fact that. Starting in the 1. A number of characterizations of what. Bechtel and Abrahamsen. Glennan 2. 00. 2; Machamer, Darden, and Craver 2. Phyllis Mc. Kay. Illari and Jon Williamson have more recently offered a. A mechanism for a phenomenon consists of entities. As Watson and Crick (1. DNA, the macromolecule’s. DNA replication: It has not escaped our notice that the specific. In short, the double helix of DNA (an entity with an organization). DNA helix. DNA is a nucleic. When DNA unwinds, the bases exhibit weak charges. These. weak charges allow a DNA base and its complement to engage in the. Ultimately. entities with polar charges enable the activity of hydrogen bond. After the complementary bases align, then the backbone. The mechanism proceeds with. Such representations may be called a “model of a. A mechanism. schema is a truncated abstract description of a mechanism that can be. An example is James Watson’s. DNA . Molecular biology textbooks.
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